PoLO: Proof-of-Learning and Proof-of-Ownership at Once with Chained Watermarking

arXiv:2505.12296v2 Announce Type: replace-cross
Abstract: Our evaluation shows that PoLO achieves textbf{99%} watermark detection accuracy for ownership verification, while preserving data privacy and cutting verification costs to just textbf{1.5–10%} of traditional methods. Forging PoLO demands textbf{1.1–4$times$} more resources than honest proof generation, with the original proof retaining over textbf{90%} detection accuracy even after attacks.